Substitutions

Substitutions & Equivalents

Page Contents:

Ingredient Substitutions & Equivalents - Table
Baking Pan Substitutions - Graphic
Vegan Egg Substitutions - Graphic
Gluten Free Flour Substitutions - Graphic

Ingredient  Substitutions & Equivalents
Ingredient	Amount	Substitution
Allspice	1 tsp	1/2 tsp cinnamon, 1/4 tsp ginger, and 1/4 tsp cloves
Arrowroot starch	1 tsp	1 Tbsp flour, OR 1 tsp cornstarch
Baking mix	1 cup	1 cup pancake mix OR 1 cup Easy Biscuit Mixture
Baking powder	1 tsp	1/4 tsp baking soda plus 1/2 tsp cream of tartar OR 1/4 tsp baking soda plus 1/2 cup buttermilk (decrease liquid in recipe by 1/2 cup)
Baking Soda		Baking soda must come in contact with an acid (like vinegar, citrus juice, sour cream, yogurt or buttermilk). 2 tsp double-acting baking powder + replace acidic liquid ingredient in recipe with non-acidic liquid
Beer	1 cup	1 cup nonalcoholic beer OR 1 cup chicken broth
Brandy	1/4 cup	1 tsp imitation brandy extract plus enough water to make 1/4 cup
Bread crumbs	1 cup	1 cup cracker crumbs OR 1 cup matzo meal OR 1 cup ground oats or 1 cup crushed corn flakes
Broth: beef or chicken	1 cup	1 bouillon cube plus 1 cup boiling water OR1 Tbsp soy sauce plus enough water to make 1 cup OR 1 cup vegetable broth
Butter (salted)	1 cup	1 cup margarine OR 1 cup shortening plus 1/2 tsp salt OR 7/8 cup vegetable oil plus 1/2 tsp salt OR 7/8 cup lard plus 1/2 tsp salt
	Recipe	Shake heavy cream in jar til thick.  Pour off liquid (buttermilk), solids is the butter. Rinse to remove remaining buttermilk. Knead in salt.
Butter (unsalted)	1 cup	1 cup shortening OR 7/8 cup vegetable oil OR 7/8 cup lard
Buttermilk	1 cup	1 cup yogurt OR 1 Tbsp lemon juice or vinegar plus enough milk to make 1 cup (let set 5 min) OR 1 cup milk plus 3/4 tsp cream of tarter
	Recipe	See Butter
Cheese	Hard Brick	4 oz. = 1 cup grated * 1 pound = 3-4 cups grated
	Soft	8 oz. = 1 cup (1/2 lb)  * 3 oz = 1/3 cup or 6 tbsp., 3/8 cup
Cheese-Asiago	Alternative	Parmesan, Pecorino Romano, Dry Jack, Fontinella
Cheese--Blue	Alternative	Gorgonzola OR Stilton cheese OR softer Roquefort cheese
Cheese--Brie	Alternative	Any soft cheese OR Camembert OR Reblochon
Cheese--Cheddar	Alternative	Colby cheddar OR Monterey Jack
Cheese--Chevre	Alternative	Generic name for goat milk cheese. Semi-Soft
Cheese--Colby	Alternative	Mild cheddar cheese or Tillamook
Cheese--Cottage	Alternative	farmer's cheese OR ricotta cheese OR fromage blanc
	Equivalent	sm 16 oz tub = 2 cups
Cheese--Cream Cheese	Equivalent	8 oz. = 1 cup (1/2 lb)  * 3 oz = 1/3 cup or 6 tbsp., 3/8 cup
	1 cup	1 cup pureed cottage cheese OR Equal parts of drained cottage cheese blended with cream & a little butter OR 1 cup low fat cottage cheese + 1/4 cup margarine OR 1 cup ricotta cheese + 1 cup plain yogurt
Cheese--Fontina	Alternative	Emmental OR Gruyere OR Provalone OR Asadero
Cheese--Fontinella	Alternative	Asiago (sharper flavor)
Cheese-Goat	Alternative	1 oz soft goat cheese = 1 oz cream cheese * 1 oz hard goat cheese = Manchego.
Cheese--Gouda	Alternative	Monterrey Jack
Cheese--Gruyere	Alternative	Swiss
Cheese--Mascarpone	Alternative	Whipped Cream Cheese
Cheese--Monterey jack	Alternative	Muenster, Havarti OR Gouda
Cheese--Mozzarella	Alternative	Parmesan (doesn’t melt well) or Gruyere or provolone or Munster or Jack. For salads substitute Burrata or for cooking substitute low moisture mozzarella.
	Equivalent	8 oz pkg Shredded =  2 cups
Cheese--Muenster	Alternative	Monterrey Jack OR Port du Salut
Cheese--Parmigiano Reggiano	Alternative	Pecorino Ramano Cheese
Cheese--Parmesan	Equivalent	3 oz block = 1 cup grated
		Reg Size shaker=8 oz=2 cups
Cheese--Provolone	Alternative	Any semi-soft cheese
Cheese--Romano	Alternative	Parmesan, Asiago or Spanish Manchego
Cheese--Ricotta	Alternative	Goat Cheese OR queso fresco OR cottage cheese (lower in fat) OR pot cheese (drier)
	Equivalent	15 oz tub = 2 cups
Cheese--Queso Blanco	Alternative	A crumbly cheese that becomes creamy when it is heated. Monterrey Jack alternative
Cheese--Swiss	Alternative	Emmenthaler, Gruyere, Jarlsberg
Chervil	1 Tbsp chopped fresh	1 Tbsp chopped fresh parsley
Cherries--Dried	Alternative	Dried cranberries
Chicken base	1 Tbsp	1 cup canned or homemade chicken broth or stock. Reduce liquid in recipe by 1 cup
Chocolate                 (sweet baking)	4 ounce recipe	4 tbs. + 2 tsp. sugar, plus 4 tbs. cocoa, plus 2 tbs. + 2 tsp. shortening
Chocolate     (semisweet)	1 ounce	1 (1-ounce) square of unsweetened chocolate plus 4 tsp sugar OR 1 ounce semisweet chocolate chips plus 1 tsp shortening
	6 ounce recipe	9 tbs. cocoa + 7 tbs. sugar + 1 tbs. butter, margarine, or vegetable oil
	1 cup chips	1 cup chocolate candies OR 1 cup peanut butter or other flavored chips OR 1 cup chopped nuts OR 1 cup chopped dried fruit
Chocolate (unsweetened)	1 ounce	3 Tbsp unsweetened cocoa plus 1 Tbsp shortening or vegetable oil or butter
Chili Sauce	1 cup	1 cup tomato sauce, 1/4 cup brown sugar, 2 tablespoons vinegar, 1/4 teaspoon cinnamon, dash of ground cloves and dash of allspice and a dash of cayenne pepper
Cocoa	1/4 cup	1 (1-ounce) square unsweetened chocolate
Cocoa Powder	3 Tbsp	1 oz. Unsweetened chocolate + 1/8 tsp. baking soda + reduce fat in recipe by 1 Tbsp. or 3 Tbsp. natural cocoa powder + 1/8 tsp. baking soda
Condensed cream of mushroom soup	1 (10.75-ounce) can	1 (10.75-ounce) can condensed cream of celery, cream of chicken, OR golden mushroom soup
Corn Starch	1 Tbsp	2 Tbsp All Purpose Flour. Equal amounts of Minute Tapioca for cornstarch, use slightly less for flour
Corn syrup	1 cup	1 1/4 cup white sugar plus 1/3 cup water/liquid OR 1 cup honey OR 1 cup light treacle syrup
Celery--Salt	2:1 Recipe	2 parts salt to 1 part celery seed (grinded or w/ mortar & pestle)
Crabmeat	Alternative	Flaked white fish (same as imitation crab meat)
Cracker crumbs	1 cup	1 cup bread crumbs OR 1 cup matzo meal OR 1 cup ground oats
Cream (half and half)	1 cup	7/8 cup milk plus 1 Tbsp butter
Cream (heavy)	1 cup	1 cup evaporated milk OR 3/4 cup milk plus 1/3 cup butter
Cream (light)	1 cup	1 cup evaporated milk OR 3/4 cup milk plus 3 Tbsp butter
Cream (whipped)	1 cup	1 cup frozen whipped topping, thawed
Cream of tartar	1 tsp	1 tsp lemon juice or vinegar
Crème fraiche	1 cup	Combine 1 cup of heavy cream and 1 Tbsp of plain yogurt. Let stand for 6 hours at room temperature
Egg	1 Whole            Egg                      (3 Tbsp or      1.7 oz)	2 1/2 Tbsp of powdered egg substitute plus 2 1/2 Tbsp water OR 1/4 cup liquid egg  substitute OR 1/4 cup silken tofu pureed OR 3 Tbsp mayonnaise OR half a banana mashed with 1/2 tsp baking powder OR 1 Tbsp powdered flax seed soaked in 3 Tbsp water OR 1 Tbsp corn or potato starch+ 1 Tbsp pectin + 1/2 tsp oil +  1/2 tsp baking powder + 2 Tbsp liquid
	Egg White	1 whole egg = 2 egg whites
Evaporated milk	1 cup	1 cup light cream
Farmer's cheese	8 ounces	8 ounces dry cottage cheese OR 8 ounces creamed cottage cheese, drained
Fats for baking	1 cup	1 cup applesauce OR 1 cup fruit puree
Flour--All Purpose	2 Tbsp	1 Tbsp Cornstarch
Flour--Bread	1 cup	1 cup all-purpose flour plus 1 tsp wheat gluten (available at health food stores & some supermarkets)
Flour--Cake	1 cup	1 cup all-purpose flour minus 2 Tbsp
Flour--Self-Rising	1 cup	7/8 cup all-purpose flour plus 1 1/2 tsp baking powder and 1/2 tsp of salt
Garlic--Fresh	1 clove fresh	1/8 tsp garlic powder OR 1/2 tsp granulated garlic OR 1/2 tsp garlic salt--reduce salt in recipe
	1 Tbsp fresh	1/2 tsp garlic powder (not garlic salt)
Garlic--Salt	3:1 Recipe	three parts salt to one part garlic powder
Gelatin	1 Tbsp, granulated	2 tsp agar agar
Ginger--dry	1 tsp	2 tsp chopped fresh ginger
Ginger--fresh	1 tsp, minced	1/2 tsp ground dried ginger
Green onion	1/2 cup , chopped	1/2 cup chopped onion, OR 1/2 cup chopped leek OR 1/2 cup chopped shallots
Hazelnuts	1 cup whole	1 cup macadamia nuts OR 1 cup almonds
Herbs--fresh	1 Tbsp chopped fresh	1 tsp (chopped or whole leaf) dried herbs
Herring	8 ounces	8 ounces of sardines
Honey	1 cup	1 1/4 cup white sugar plus 1/3 cup water OR 1 cup corn syrup OR 1 cup light treacle syrup
Hot pepper sauce	1 tsp	3/4 tsp cayenne pepper plus 1 tsp vinegar
Italian Seasoning	1:1 Recipe	Equal parts of basil, marjoram, oregano, rosemary, thyme
Ketchup	1 cup	1 cup tomato sauce plus 1 tsp vinegar plus 1 Tbsp sugar
Lard	1 cup	1 cup shortening OR 7/8 cup vegetable oil OR 1 cup butter
Lemon grass	2 fresh stalks	1 Tbsp lemon zest
Lemon juice	1 tsp	1/2 tsp vinegar OR 1 tsp white wine OR 1 tsp lime juice
Lemon zest	1 tsp	1/2 tsp lemon extract OR 2 Tbsp lemon juice
Lime juice	1 tsp	1 tsp vinegar OR 1 tsp white wine OR 1 tsp lemon juice
Lime zest	1 tsp	1 tsp lemon zest
Macadamia nuts	1 cup	1 cup almonds OR 1 cup hazelnuts
Mace	1 tsp	1 tsp nutmeg
Margarine	1 cup	1 cup shortening plus 1/2 tsp salt OR1 cup butter OR 7/8 cup vegetable oil plus 1/2 tsp salt OR 7/8 cup lard plus 1/2 tsp salt
Marshmallows--mini	13	1 large marshmallow
	1 cup	9 large marshmallows or 1/2 jar marshmallow fluff
	4 cup recipe	1 c. sugar + 1 c. corn syrup (or brown rice syrup) + 1 c. peanut butter OR 10 oz bag white chocolate chips + 1 cup peanut butter
	16 oz bag	8 cups
	10.5 oz bag	5 1/2 cups
Marshmallow Cream	1 cup	Heat 16 large or 160 miniature marshmallows + 2 tsp corn syrup in the top of a double boiler.
	1 cup	12 large or 120 mini marshmallows
	7 oz Jar	Equivalent to 2 1/8 cup
Mayonnaise	1 cup	1 cup sour cream OR 1 cup plain yogurt
	Recipe           (see post)	Blend 1 egg yolk+ 1 white with 1 tsp vinegar or lemon juice. Add 1 cup oil a little at a time. Add seasonings.
Milk--whole	1 cup	1 cup soy milk OR 1 cup rice milk OR 1 cup water or juice OR 1/4 cup dry milk powder plus 1 cup water OR 2/3 cup evaporated milk plus 1/3 cup water
Mint--fresh	1/4 cup chopped	1 Tbsp dried mint leaves
Molasses	1 cup	Mix 3/4 cup brown sugar and 1 tsp cream of tartar OR 1 cup honey or 1 cup dark corn syrup or 3/4 cup light or dark brown sugar dissolved in 1/4 cup liquid
Mushrooms	Fresh	one 4 oz can
Mushrooms--Porcini	Alternative	Crimini Baby Bella Mushrooms
Mustard--prepared	1 Tbsp	Mix together 1 Tbsp dried mustard, 1 tsp water, 1 tsp vinegar and 1 tsp sugar
Onion--Fresh	1 cup, chopped	1 cup chopped green onions OR 1 cup chopped shallots OR 1 cup chopped leeks OR 1/4 cup dried minced onion OR 1/4 cup onion powder
	2 Tbsp	1 Tbsp dry minced onion
Onion--Salt	3:1 Recipe	three parts salt to one part onion powder
Orange juice	1 Tbsp	1 Tbsp other citrus juice
Orange zest	1 Tbsp	1/2 tsp orange extract OR 1 tsp lemon juice
Parmesan cheese	1/2 cup, grated	1/2 cup grated Asiago cheese OR 1/2 cup grated Romano cheese
Parsley	1 Tbsp chopped fresh	1 Tbsp chopped fresh chervil OR 1 tsp dried parsley
Pepperoni	1 ounce	1 ounce salami
Pine Nuts	Alternative	Pumpkin (Pepita) Seeds or Sunflower Seeds
Poltry Seasoning	1 tsp	1/4 tsp. ground thyme + 3/4 tsp. ground sage
Prosciutto Ham	Alternative	Thinly sliced deli ham or bacon
Pump Pie Spice	1 tsp	1/2 tsp. ground cinnamon + 1/4 tsp. ground ginger + 1/8 tsp. allspice + 1/8 tsp. nutmeg
Raisin	1 cup	1 cup dried currants OR 1 cup dried cranberries OR 1 cup chopped pitted prunes
Rice--white	1 cup, cooked	1 cup cooked barley OR 1 cup cooked bulgur OR 1 cup cooked brown or wild rice
Ricotta	1 cup	1 cup dry cottage cheese OR 1 cup silken tofu
Rum	1 Tbsp	1/2 tsp rum extract or vanilla extract, plus enough water to make 1 Tbsp OR use Kentucky Straight Bourbon
Saffron	1/4 tsp	1/4 tsp turmeric
Salami	1 ounce	1 ounce pepperoni
Shallots, chopped	1/2 cup	1/2 cup chopped onion, OR 1/2 cup chopped leek OR 1/2 cup chopped green onion
Shortening	1 cup	1 cup butter OR 1 cup margarine minus 1/2 tsp salt from recipe
Sugar--Brown	1 cup, packed	1 cup white sugar plus 1/4 cup molasses and decrease the liquid in recipe by 1/4 cup OR 1 cup white sugar OR 1 1/4 cups confectioners' sugar
Sugar--White	1 cup	1 cup packed brown sugar or 2 cups sifted powdered sugar or 3/4 cup maple syrup or 3/4 cup honey (reduce recipe by ½ cup for every 1 cup of honey or syrup added + decrease oven temp by 25 degrees prevent over browning.
	1 cube	Equivalent to 1/2 tsp sugar (1 lb box =96 cubes)
Sour cream	1 cup	1 cup plain yogurt OR 1 Tbsp lemon juice or vinegar plus enough cream to make 1 cup OR 3/4 cup buttermilk mixed with 1/3 cup butter
Sour milk	1 cup	1 Tbsp vinegar or lemon juice mixed with enough milk to make 1 cup: Let stand 5 minutes to thicken
Soy sauce	1/2 cup	4 Tbsp Worcestershire sauce mixed with 1 Tbsp water
Stock--beef or chicken	1 cup	1 cube beef or chicken bouillon dissolved in 1 cup water
Sweetened condensed milk	1 (14-ounce) can	3/4 cup white sugar mixed with 1/2 cup water and 1 1/8 cups dry powdered milk: Bring to a boil and cook, stirring frequently, until thickened, about 20 minutes
Tomato Juice	1 cup	1/2 cup tomato sauce + 1/2 cup water
Tomato Ketchup	1 cup	1 cup tomato sauce + 1/2 cup sugar + 2 Tbsp vinegar (+ pinch of ground cloves)
Tomato Sauce	2 cup	3/4 cup Tomato Paste + 1 cup water
Tomato Soup	10.75 oz can	1 cup tomato sauce plus 1/4 cup water
Truffles	Alternative	Truffle Salt (truffle oil not made fr actual truffles)
Vanilla Extract	1:1 ratio	Equal portions of dark rum or kentucky straight bourbon
Vegetable oil--for baking	1 cup	1 cup applesauce OR 1 cup fruit puree
Vegetable oil--for frying	1 cup	1 cup lard OR 1 cup vegetable shortening
Vinegar--balsamic	aged alternative	Heat regular balsamic vinegar until thickens and flavors concentrate. OR Equal amount of sherry or cider OR best is asian or rice vinegar
Vinegar--cider	Alternative	3 parts white wine vinegar and 1 part apple juice OR Malt vinegar OR white vinegar OR wine vinegar
Vinegar--Rice	Alternative	balsamic vinegar
Vinegar--white	1 tsp	1 tsp lemon or lime juice OR 2 tsp white wine (if acid not required)
Vinegar--Wine, Red	Alternative	Replace with red wine unless acidic value needed, which combine equal parts wine + white vinegar OR White wine vinegar (less strong taste) OR For red wine vinegars used for a dressing, a good substitute is 3 tbsp. of cider vinegar and 1 tbsp. of red wine for every 4 tbsp. of red wine vinegar.
Vinegar--Wine, White	Alternative	Same rules as red wine OR cider vinegar OR rice vinegar  OR diluted white vinegar
Wine--Red	1 cup	1 cup nonalcoholic wine, apple cider, beef broth or water OR 1 cup fruit juice mixed with 2 tsp vinegar OR 1 cup water
Wine--White	1 cup	1 cup nonalcoholic wine, white grape juice, apple juice, chicken broth or water
Yeast-active dry	1 (.25-ounce) package	1 cake (brick) compressed yeast OR 2 1/2 tsp active dry yeast OR 2 1/2 tsprapid rise yeast
Yogurt	1 cup	1 cup sour cream OR 1 cup buttermilk OR 1 cup sour milk OR 1 Tbsp. lemon juice and enough milk to equal 1 cup